For works with one or two authors, include both authors in all citations. For works with three or more authors, include the name of the first author followed by “et al.” (not in quotation mark or italics) in all citations (This is a change from previous APA editions.), e.g., (O’Meara et al., 2018), unless doing so would create ambiguity.

When two or more works with three or more authors have the same first author and same date and using just the name of the first author does not identify a work, it is necessary to disambiguate the entries. For example, the citations for the following two reference entries shorten to (Danaher et al., 2018).

Danaher, M., Schoepp, K., Ater Kranov, A., Dssouli, R., Kamoun, F., & Wallace. J. B. (2018). Empowering graduates for knowledge economies…

Danaher, M., Schoepp, K., & Rhodes, A. (2018). Effective evaluation of the non-technical skills…

To disambiguate the citations, include as many names as necessary to identify the work and then enter “et al.” However, since “et al.” is plural, meaning “and others”, it cannot stand for just one name. When only the final name is different, spell out the name. The citations to the references above would be (Danaher, Schoepp, Ater Kranov, et al., 2018) and (Danaher, Schoepp, & Rhodes, 2018).

In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical and narrative. In parenthetical citations, the author name and publication date appear in parentheses. In narrative citations, the author name is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence and the year follows in parentheses.